was produced by

was created by him, was produced by him

(n.) = hotel chain, hotel chain, hotel chain

Ex. It was produced in earthenware, metalwork and bone china and in its heyday was used by the great transatlantic liners and by hotel and restaurant chains.

Ex. It was produced in earthenware, metalwork and bone china and in its heyday was used by the great transatlantic liners and by hotel and restaurant chains.

Ex. It was produced in earthenware, metalwork and bone china and in its heyday was used by the great transatlantic liners and by hotel and restaurant chains.

* * *

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

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In 1841, while studying at Cambridge, Sutton became interested in photography and tried out the current processes, daguerreotype, calotype and cyanotype among them. He subsequently settled in Jersey, where he continued his photographic studies. In 1855 he opened a photographic printing works in Jersey, in partnership with L.-D. Blanquart- Evrard, exploiting the latter's process for producing developed positive prints. He started and edited one of the first photographic periodicals, Photographic Notes, in 1856; until its cessation in 1867, his journal presented a fresher view of the world of photography than that given by its London-based rivals. He also drew up the first dictionary of photography in 1858.

In 1859 Sutton designed and patented a wideangle lens in which the space between two meniscus lenses, forming parts of a sphere and sealed in a metal rim, was filled with water; the lens so formed could cover an angle of up to 120 degrees at an aperture of f12. Sutton's design was inspired by observing the images produced by the water-filled sphere of a "snowstorm" souvenir brought home from Paris! Sutton commissioned the London camera-maker Frederick Cox to make the Panoramic camera, demonstrating the first model in January 1860; it took panoramic pictures on curved glass plates 152×381 mm in size. Cox later advertised other models in a total of four sizes. In January 1861 Sutton handed over manufacture to Andrew Ross's son Thomas Ross, who produced much-improved lenses and also cameras in three sizes. Sutton then developed the first single-lens reflex camera design, patenting it on 20 August 1961: a pivoted mirror, placed at 45 degrees inside the camera, reflected the image from the lens onto a ground glass-screen set in the top of the camera for framing and focusing. When ready, the mirror was swung up out of the way to allow light to reach the plate at the back of the camera. The design was manufactured for a few years by Thomas Ross and J.H. Dallmeyer.

In 1861 James Clerk Maxwell asked Sutton to prepare a series of photographs for use in his lecture "On the theory of three primary colours", to be presented at the Royal Institution in London on 17 May 1861. Maxwell required three photographs to be taken through red, green and blue filters, which were to be printed as lantern slides and projected in superimposition through three projectors. If his theory was correct, a colour reproduction of the original subject would be produced. Sutton used liquid filters: ammoniacal copper sulphate for blue, copper chloride for the green and iron sulphocyanide for the red. A fourth exposure was made through lemon-yellow glass, but was not used in the final demonstration. A tartan ribbon in a bow was used as the subject; the wet-collodion process in current use required six seconds for the blue exposure, about twice what would have been needed without the filter. After twelve minutes no trace of image was produced through the green filter, which had to be diluted to a pale green: a twelve-minute exposure then produced a serviceable negative. Eight minutes was enough to record an image through the red filter, although since the process was sensitive only to blue light, nothing at all should have been recorded. In 1961, R.M.Evans of the Kodak Research Laboratory showed that the red liquid transmitted ultraviolet radiation, and by an extraordinary coincidence many natural red dye-stuffs reflect ultraviolet. Thus the red separation was made on the basis of non-visible radiation rather than red, but the net result was correct and the projected images did give an identifiable reproduction of the original. Sutton's photographs enabled Maxwell to establish the validity of his theory and to provide the basis upon which all subsequent methods of colour photography have been founded.

JW / BC

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

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Messerschmitt studied engineering at the Munich Institute of Tchnology and obtained his degree in 1923. By 1926 he was Chief Designer at the Bayerische Flugzeugwerke in Augsburg. Due to the ban on military aircraft in Germany following the First World War, his early designs included gliders, light aircraft, and a series of high-wing airliners. He began to make a major impact on German aircraft design once Hitler came to power and threw off the shackles of the Treaty of Versailles, which so restricted Germany's armed forces. In 1932 he bought out the now-bankrupt Bayerische Flugzeugwerke, but initially, because of enmity between himself and the German aviation minister, was not invited to compete for an air force contract for a single-engined fighter. However, in 1934 Messerschmitt designed the Bf 108 Taifun, a small civil aircraft with a fighter-like appearance. This displayed the quality of his design and the German air ministry was forced to recognize him. As a result, he unveiled the famous Bf 109 fighter which first flew in August 1935; it was used during the Spanish Civil War in 1936–9, and was to become one of the foremost combat aircraft of the Second World War. In 1938, after several name changes, the company became Messerschmitt Aktien-Gesellschaft (and hence a change of prefix from Bf to Me). During April 1939 a Messerschmitt aircraft broke the world air-speed record at 755.14 km/h (469.32 mph): it was entered in the FAI records as a Bf 109R, but was more accurately a new design designated Me 209V-1.

During the Second World War, the 5/70P was progressively improved, and eventually almost 35,000 were built. Other successful fighters followed, such as the twin-engined Me 110 which also served as a bomber and night fighter. The Messerschmitt Me 262 twin-engined jet fighter, the first jet aircraft in the world to enter service, flew during the early years of the war, but it was never given a high priority by the High Command and only a small number were in service when the war ended. Another revolutionary Messerschmitt AG design was the Me 163 Komet, the concept of Professor Alexander Lippisch who had joined Messerschmitt's company in 1939; this was the first rocket-propelled fighter to enter service. It was a small tailless design capable of 880 km/hr (550 mph), but its duration under power was only about 10 minutes and it was very dangerous to fly. From late 1944 onwards it was used to intercept the United States Air Force bombers during their daylight raids. At the other end of the scale, Messerschmitt produced the Me 321 Gigant, a huge transport glider which was towed behind a flight of three Me 110s. Later it was equipped with six engines, but it was an easy target for allied fighters. This was a costly white elephant, as was his high-speed twin-engined Me 210 fighter-bomber project which nearly made his company bankrupt. Nevertheless, he was certainly an innovator and was much admired by Hitler, who declared that he had "the skull of a genius", because of the Me 163 Komet rocket-powered fighter and the Me 262.

At the end of the war Messerschmitt was detained by the Americans for two years. In 1952 Messerschmitt became an aviation adviser to the Spanish government, and his Bf109 was produced in Spain as the Hispano Buchon for a number of years and was powered by Rolls-Royce Merlin engines. A factory was also constructed in Egypt to produce aircraft to Messerschmitt's designs. His German company, banned from building aircraft, produced prefabricated houses, sewing machines and, from 1953 to 1962, a series of bubble-cars: the KR 175 (1953–55) and the KR 200 (1955–62) were single-cylinder three-wheeled bubble-cars, and the Tiger (1958–62) was a twin-cylinder, 500cc four-wheeler. In 1958 Messerschmitt resumed aircraft construction in Germany and later became the Honorary Chairman of the merged Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm company (now part of the Franco-German Eurocopter company).

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JDS / CM

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

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Educated at Harrow, where he first showed an interest in science, and at Cambridge, Talbot was an outstanding scholar and a formidable mathematician. He published over fifty scientific papers and took out twelve English patents. His interests outside the field of science were also wide and included Assyriology, etymology and the classics. He was briefly a Member of Parliament, but did not pursue a parliamentary career.

Talbot's invention of photography arose out of his frustrating attempts to produce acceptable pencil sketches using popular artist's aids, the camera discura and camera lucida. From his experiments with the former he conceived the idea of placing on the screen a paper coated with silver salts so that the image would be captured chemically. During the spring of 1834 he made outline images of subjects such as leaves and flowers by placing them on sheets of sensitized paper and exposing them to sunlight. No camera was involved and the first images produced using an optical system were made with a solar microscope. It was only when he had devised a more sensitive paper that Talbot was able to make camera pictures; the earliest surviving camera negative dates from August 1835. From the beginning, Talbot noticed that the lights and shades of his images were reversed. During 1834 or 1835 he discovered that by placing this reversed image on another sheet of sensitized paper and again exposing it to sunlight, a picture was produced with lights and shades in the correct disposition. Talbot had discovered the basis of modern photography, the photographic negative, from which could be produced an unlimited number of positives. He did little further work until the announcement of Daguerre's process in 1839 prompted him to publish an account of his negative-positive process. Aware that his photogenic drawing process had many imperfections, Talbot plunged into further experiments and in September 1840, using a mixture incorporating a solution of gallic acid, discovered an invisible latent image that could be made visible by development. This improved calotype process dramatically shortened exposure times and allowed Talbot to take portraits. In 1841 he patented the process, an exercise that was later to cause controversy, and between 1844 and 1846 produced The Pencil of Nature, the world's first commercial photographically illustrated book.

Concerned that some of his photographs were prone to fading, Talbot later began experiments to combine photography with printing and engraving. Using bichromated gelatine, he devised the first practicable method of photo engraving, which was patented as Photoglyphic engraving in October 1852. He later went on to use screens of gauze, muslin and finely powdered gum to break up the image into lines and dots, thus anticipating modern photomechanical processes.

Talbot was described by contemporaries as the "Father of Photography" primarily in recognition of his discovery of the negative-positive process, but he also produced the first photomicrographs, took the first high-speed photographs with the aid of a spark from a Leyden jar, and is credited with proposing infra-red photography. He was a shy man and his misguided attempts to enforce his calotype patent made him many enemies. It was perhaps for this reason that he never received the formal recognition from the British nation that his family felt he deserved.

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SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives, Steam and internal combustion engines

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Orphaned as a child, Hamilton went to work for Southern Pacific Railroad in his teens, and then worked for several other companies. In his spare time he learned mathematics and physics from a retired professor. In 1911 he joined the White Motor Company, makers of road motor vehicles in Denver, Colorado, where he had gone to recuperate from malaria. He remained there until 1922, apart from an eighteenth-month break for war service.

Upon his return from war service, Hamilton found White selling petrol-engined railbuses with mechanical transmission, based on road vehicles, to railways. He noted that they were not robust enough and that the success of petrol railcars with electric transmission, built by General Electric since 1906, was limited as they were complex to drive and maintain. In 1922 Hamilton formed, and became President of, the Electro- Motive Engineering Corporation (later Electro-Motive Corporation) to design and produce petrol-electric rail cars. Needing an engine larger than those used in road vehicles, yet lighter and faster than marine engines, he approached the Win ton Engine Company to develop a suitable engine; in addition, General Electric provided electric transmission with a simplified control system. Using these components, Hamilton arranged for his petrol-electric railcars to be built by the St Louis Car Company, with the first being completed in 1924. It was the beginning of a highly successful series. Fuel costs were lower than for steam trains and initial costs were kept down by using standardized vehicles instead of designing for individual railways. Maintenance costs were minimized because Electro-Motive kept stocks of spare parts and supplied replacement units when necessary. As more powerful, 800 hp (600 kW) railcars were produced, railways tended to use them to haul trailer vehicles, although that practice reduced the fuel saving. By the end of the decade Electro-Motive needed engines more powerful still and therefore had to use cheap fuel. Diesel engines of the period, such as those that Winton had made for some years, were too heavy in relation to their power, and too slow and sluggish for rail use. Their fuel-injection system was erratic and insufficiently robust and Hamilton concluded that a separate injector was needed for each cylinder.

In 1930 Electro-Motive Corporation and Winton were acquired by General Motors in pursuance of their aim to develop a diesel engine suitable for rail traction, with the use of unit fuel injectors; Hamilton retained his position as President. At this time, industrial depression had combined with road and air competition to undermine railway-passenger business, and Ralph Budd, President of the Chicago, Burlington \& Quincy Railroad, thought that traffic could be recovered by way of high-speed, luxury motor trains; hence the Pioneer Zephyr was built for the Burlington. This comprised a 600 hp (450 kW), lightweight, two-stroke, diesel engine developed by General Motors (model 201 A), with electric transmission, that powered a streamlined train of three articulated coaches. This train demonstrated its powers on 26 May 1934 by running non-stop from Denver to Chicago, a distance of 1,015 miles (1,635 km), in 13 hours and 6 minutes, when the fastest steam schedule was 26 hours. Hamilton and Budd were among those on board the train, and it ushered in an era of high-speed diesel trains in the USA. By then Hamilton, with General Motors backing, was planning to use the lightweight engine to power diesel-electric locomotives. Their layout was derived not from steam locomotives, but from the standard American boxcar. The power plant was mounted within the body and powered the bogies, and driver's cabs were at each end. Two 900 hp (670 kW) engines were mounted in a single car to become an 1,800 hp (l,340 kW) locomotive, which could be operated in multiple by a single driver to form a 3,600 hp (2,680 kW) locomotive. To keep costs down, standard locomotives could be mass-produced rather than needing individual designs for each railway, as with steam locomotives. Two units of this type were completed in 1935 and sent on trial throughout much of the USA. They were able to match steam locomotive performance, with considerable economies: fuel costs alone were halved and there was much less wear on the track. In the same year, Electro-Motive began manufacturing diesel-electrie locomotives at La Grange, Illinois, with design modifications: the driver was placed high up above a projecting nose, which improved visibility and provided protection in the event of collision on unguarded level crossings; six-wheeled bogies were introduced, to reduce axle loading and improve stability. The first production passenger locomotives emerged from La Grange in 1937, and by early 1939 seventy units were in service. Meanwhile, improved engines had been developed and were being made at La Grange, and late in 1939 a prototype, four-unit, 5,400 hp (4,000 kW) diesel-electric locomotive for freight trains was produced and sent out on test from coast to coast; production versions appeared late in 1940. After an interval from 1941 to 1943, when Electro-Motive produced diesel engines for military and naval use, locomotive production resumed in quantity in 1944, and within a few years diesel power replaced steam on most railways in the USA.

Hal Hamilton remained President of Electro-Motive Corporation until 1942, when it became a division of General Motors, of which he became Vice-President.

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SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology

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In 1864 Charles Henry Holt led three other brothers to California in response to the gold rush. In 1868 he founded C.H.Holt \& Co. in San Francisco with the help of his brothers Williams and Ames. The company dealt in timber as well as wagon and carriage materials, as did the business they had left behind in Concord in the care of their youngest brother, Benjamin. In 1883 Benjamin joined the others in California and together they formed the Stockton Wheel Company with offices in San Francisco and Stockton. The brothers recognized the potential of combine harvesters and purchased a number of patents, enlarged their works and began to experiment. Their first combine was produced in 1886, and worked for forty-six days that year. With the stimulus of Benjamin Holt the company produced the first hillside combine in 1891 and introduced the concept of belt drive. The Holt harvesting machine produced in 1904 was the first to use an auxiliary gas engine. By 1889 Benjamin was sole family executive. In 1890 the company produced its first traction engine. He began experimenting with track-laying machines, building his first in 1904. It was this machine which earned the nickname "Caterpillar", which has remained the company trade name to the present day. In 1906 thecompany produced its first gasoline-engined Caterpillar, and the first production model was introduced two years later. The development of Caterpillar tractors had a significant impact on the transport potential of the Allies during the First World War, and the Holt production of track-laying traction engines was of immense importance to the supply of the armed forces. In 1918 Benjamin Holt was still actively involved in the company, but he died in Stockton in 1920.

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1) (to bring out: She produced a letter from her pocket.) sacar, extraer

2) (to give birth to: A cow produces one or two calves a year.) tener, dar a luz

3) (to cause: His joke produced a shriek of laughter from the children.) provocar, producir

4) (to make or manufacture: The factory produces furniture.) producir, fabricar

5) (to give or yield: The country produces enough food for the population.) producir

6) (to arrange and prepare (a theatre performance, film, television programme etc): The play was produced by Henry Dobson.) poner en escena (teatro); producir

- producer

produce¹ n productos

produce² vb

1. producir / fabricar

2. producir / dar

3. producir / poner en escena

4. sacar / enseñar

El gerundio de produce se escribe producing

tr[ (vb) prə'djʊːs; (n) 'prɒdjʊːs]

transitive verb

1 (gen) producir; (manufacture) producir, fabricar

2 (give birth to) tener

3 (show) enseñar, presentar; (bring out) sacar

4 (cause) producir, causar

5 (film) producir; (play) poner en escena, dirigir; (tv programme) realizar

noun

1 productos nombre masculino plural

■ produce of Spain productos de España

produce [prə'du:s, -'dju:s] vt, - duced ; - ducing

1) exhibit: presentar, mostrar

2) yield: producir

3) cause: producir, causar

4) create: producir

to produce a poem: escribir un poema

5) : poner en escena (una obra de teatro), producir (una película)

produce ['prɑ.du:s, 'pro:-, -.dju:s] n

: productos mpl agrícolas

• producción s.f.

• producto s.m.

• fabricar v.

• hacer v.

(§pres: hago, haces...) pret: hic-

• ocasionar v.

• presentar v.

• procurar v.

• producir v.

(§pres: produzco, produces...) pret: produj-•)

• rendir v.

• rentar v.

• sacar v.

• surtir v.

1)

a) (manufacture, yield) \<\<cars/cloth\>\> producir*, fabricar*; \<\<coal/grain/beef\>\> producir*; \<\<fruit\>\> \<\<country/region\>\> producir*; \<\<tree/bush\>\> dar*, producir*

b) (create, give) \<\<energy/sound\>\> producir*; \<\<interest\>\> producir*, dar*, devengar*

c) ( cause) \<\<joy/reaction\>\> producir*, causar; \<\<effect\>\> surtir, producir*

d) ( give birth to) \<\<young\>\> tener*

2) (show, bring out) \<\<ticket/document\>\> presentar; \<\<evidence/proof\>\> presentar, aportar; \<\<gun/knife\>\> sacar*

3)

a) (Cin, TV) producir*, realizar*; ( Theat) \<\<play\>\> poner* en escena; \<\<show\>\> montar, poner* en escena

b) (Rad, Theat) ( direct) dirigir*

1. [prǝ'djuːs]

1) (=yield) [+ coal, crop, electricity, sound] producir; [+ milk] [farm] producir; [cow] dar; [+ interest] rendir, producir; [+ profit, benefits] producir, reportar

2) (=manufacture) [+ cars, weapons, drugs] fabricar, producir

3) (=create) [+ novel] escribir; [+ magazine] publicar; [+ musical work] componer

4) (=give birth to) [+ offspring] [animal] parir; [woman] tener, dar a luz a; [parents] tener

5) (=bring out, supply) [+ gift, handkerchief, gun] sacar; [+ ticket, documents, evidence, proof] presentar; [+ argument] dar, presentar; [+ witness] nombrar; [+ meal] preparar

6) (Cine, Theat) [+ film, play, show] producir; (TV, Rad) realizar; (Publishing) [+ magazine] publicar; (Mus) [+ record] producir

7) (=cause) [+ symptoms] producir, causar; [+ response] provocar, producir

8) (Geom) [+ line, plane] prolongar

2. [prǝ'djuːs]

1) [mine, oil well, factory] producir; [land, tree] dar fruto(s); [cow] dar leche; [person] rendir

2) (Theat, Cine) producir; (TV, Rad) realizar

['prɒdjuːs]

['prɒdjuːs]

* * *

1)

a) (manufacture, yield) \<\<cars/cloth\>\> producir*, fabricar*; \<\<coal/grain/beef\>\> producir*; \<\<fruit\>\> \<\<country/region\>\> producir*; \<\<tree/bush\>\> dar*, producir*

b) (create, give) \<\<energy/sound\>\> producir*; \<\<interest\>\> producir*, dar*, devengar*

c) ( cause) \<\<joy/reaction\>\> producir*, causar; \<\<effect\>\> surtir, producir*

d) ( give birth to) \<\<young\>\> tener*

2) (show, bring out) \<\<ticket/document\>\> presentar; \<\<evidence/proof\>\> presentar, aportar; \<\<gun/knife\>\> sacar*

3)

a) (Cin, TV) producir*, realizar*; ( Theat) \<\<play\>\> poner* en escena; \<\<show\>\> montar, poner* en escena

b) (Rad, Theat) ( direct) dirigir*

SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology

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A farmer's son, at the age of 17 McKay developed modifications to the existing stripper harvester and created a machine that would not only strip the seed from standing corn, but was able to produce a threshed, winnowed and clean sample in one operation. The prototype was produced in 1884 and worked well on the two acres of wheat that had been set aside on the family farm. By arrangement with a Melbourne plough maker, five machines were made and sold for the 1885 season. In 1886 the McKay Harvester Company was formed, with offices at Ballarat, from which the machines, built by various companies, were sold. The business expanded quickly, selling sixty machines in 1888, and eventually rising to the production of nearly 2,000 harvesters in 1905. The name "Sunshine" was given to the harvester, and the "Sun" prefix was to appear on all other implements produced by the company as it diversified its production interests. In 1902 severe drought reduced machinery sales and left 2,000 harvesters unsold. McKay was forced to look to export markets to dispose of his surplus machines. By 1914 a total of 10,000 machines were being exported annually. During the First World War McKay was appointed to the Business Board of the Defence Department. Increases in the scale of production resulted in the company moving to Melbourne, where it was close to the port of entry of raw materials and was able to export the finished article more readily. In 1909 McKay produced one of the first gas-engined harvesters, but its cost prevented it from being more than an experimental prototype. By this time McKay was the largest agricultural machinery manufacturer in the Southern hemisphere, producing a wide range of implements, including binders. In 1916 McKay hired Headlie Taylor, who had developed a machine capable of harvesting fallen crops. The jointly developed machine was a major success, coming as it did in what would otherwise have been a disastrous Australian harvest. Further developments included the "Sun Auto-header" in 1923, the first of the harvesting machines to adopt the "T" configuration to be seen on modern harvesters. The Australian market was expanding fast and a keen rivalry developed between McKay and Massey Harris. Confronted by the tariff regulations with which the Australian Government had protected its indigenous machinery industry since 1906, Massey Harris sold all its Australian assets to the H.V. McKay company in 1930. Twenty-three years later Massey Ferguson acquired the old Sunshine works and was still operating from there in the 1990s.

Despite a long-running history of wage disputes with his workforce, McKay established a retiring fund as well as a self-help fund for distressed cases. Before his death he created a charitable trust and requested that some funds should be made available for the "aerial experiments" which were to lead to the establishment of the Flying Doctor Service.

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1) (to bring out: She produced a letter from her pocket.) tage frem

2) (to give birth to: A cow produces one or two calves a year.) føde

3) (to cause: His joke produced a shriek of laughter from the children.) frembringe

4) (to make or manufacture: The factory produces furniture.) producere

5) (to give or yield: The country produces enough food for the population.) producere

6) (to arrange and prepare (a theatre performance, film, television programme etc): The play was produced by Henry Dobson.) producere

- producer

* * *

1) (to bring out: She produced a letter from her pocket.) tage frem

2) (to give birth to: A cow produces one or two calves a year.) føde

3) (to cause: His joke produced a shriek of laughter from the children.) frembringe

4) (to make or manufacture: The factory produces furniture.) producere

5) (to give or yield: The country produces enough food for the population.) producere

6) (to arrange and prepare (a theatre performance, film, television programme etc): The play was produced by Henry Dobson.) producere

- producer

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

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The large and successful Lockheed Aircraft Corporation grew out of a small company founded by Allan and Malcolm Loughhead (pronounced "Lockheed") in 1913. The company employed many notable designers such as Jack Northrop, Jerry Vultee and Lloyd Stearman, but the most productive was "Kelly" Johnson. After studying aeronautical engineering at the University of Michigan, Johnson joined Lockheed in 1933 and gained experience in all the branches of the design department. By 1938 he had been appointed Chief Research Engineer and became involved with the design of the P-38 Lightning twin-boom fighter and the Constellation airliner. In 1943 he set up a super-secret research and development organization called Advanced Development Projects, but this soon became known as the "Skunk Works": the name came from a very mysterious factory which made potions from skunks in the popular comic strip Li'lAbner. The first aircraft designed and built by Johnson's small hand-picked team was the XP-80 Shooting Star prototype jet fighter, which was produced in just 143 days: it became the United States' first production jet fighter. At this stage the Skunk Works produced a prototype, then the main Lockheed factories took over the production run. The F-104 Starfighter and the C-130 Hercules transport were produced in this way and became widely used in many countries. In 1954 work began on the U-2 reconnaissance aircraft which was so secret that production was carried out within the Skunk Works. This made the headlines in 1960 when one was shot down over Russia. Probably the most outstanding of Johnson's designs was the SR-71 Blackbird of 1964, a reconnaissance aircraft capable of flying at Mach 3 (three times the speed of sound). Johnson was not only a great designer, he was also an outstanding manager, and his methods—including his "14 Rules"—have been widely followed. He retired from the Lockheed board in 1980, having been involved in the design of some forty aircraft.

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SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

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Since he had a long family connection with the naval base at Portsmouth, it is not surprising that Watts started to serve his apprenticeship there in 1860. He was singled out for advanced training and then in 1866 was one of three young men selected to attend the Royal School of Naval Architecture at South Kensington in London. On completing his training he joined the technical staff, then had a period as a ship overseer before going to assist William Froude for two years, an arrangement which led to a close friendship between Watts and the two Froudes. Some interesting tasks followed: the calculations for HM Armoured Ram Polyphemus; the setting up of a "calculating" section within the Admiralty; and then work as a constructor at Chatham Dockyard. In 1885 the first major change of direction took place: Watts resigned from naval service to take the post of General Manager of the Elswick shipyard of Sir W.G.Armstrong. This was a wonderful opportunity for an enthusiastic and highly qualified man, and Watts rose to the challenge. Elswick produced some of the finest warships at the end of the nineteenth century and its cruisers, such as the Esmeralda of the Chilean Navy, had a legendary name.

In 1902 he was recalled to the Navy to succeed Sir William White as Director of Naval Construction (DNC). This was one of the most exciting times ever in warship design and it was during Watts's tenure of the post that the Dreadnought class of battleship was produced, the submarine service was developed and the destroyer fleet reached high levels of performance. It has been said that Watts's distinct achievements as DNC were greater armament per ton displacement, higher speeds and better manoeuvring, greater protection and, almost as important, elegance of appearance. Watt retired in 1912 but remained a consultant to the Admiralty until 1916, and then joined the board of Armstrong Whitworth, on which he served until his death.

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1 series.

me dijo una serie de cosas (singular)(de sellos, monedas)(de mentiras) he told me a number of things

2 series (television).

3 run, batch.

este coche es de la primera serie que se fabricó (singular) this car is from the first batch that was produced

fabricación en serie mass-production

con ABS de serie with ABS as standard

ser un fuera de serie (figurative) to be unique, to be one of a kind

4 daisy chain.

5 course.

3^rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: seriar.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (gen) series

2 (conjunto) series, string, succession

■ una serie de accidentes a series of accidents

\

fabricado,-a en serie mass-produced

fuera de serie out of the ordinary, unique

fabricación en serie mass production

serie mundial DEPORTE world series

asesino en serie serial killer

* * *

1) series

2) serial

* * *

1) (=sucesión) (tb Bio, Mat) series

2) (Industria)

3) (Elec)

4) (Inform)

5) (=conjunto) [de monedas, sellos] series; [de inyecciones] course

6) (TV, Radio) [en episodios sueltos] series; [en historia continua] serial

7) (Cine)

8) (Dep) qualifying heat

* * *

1)

a) ( sucesión) series

b) ( clase) series

c) (Dep) heat

2) (Rad, TV) series; ( historia continua) serial

* * *

= series, string, iteration.

Nota: Repetición de una búsqueda incorporando ciertas modificaciones.

Ex. A set of government publications could be filed alphabetically by the issuing bureau, and then by title of the particular series in numerical order.

Ex. Often, the computer is used to aid in the processing of such indexes, and sometimes computer processing is responsible for the creation of multiple entries from one string of index terms.

Ex. Any MeSH terms used to describe the documents retrieved are incorporated into the query formulation for further iteration.

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* área de serie = series area, series statement area.

* asesino en serie = serial killer.

* búsqueda en serie = serial search, serial searching.

* comprar Algo hecho en serie = buy + off-the-shelf.

* en serie = serially, ordinal.

* fabricación en serie = mass production.

* fabricado en serie = mass-produced, off-the-shelf, out of the box, manufactured.

* fabricar en serie = mass-produce.

* fuera de serie = crackerjack.

* impresora en serie = serial printer.

* interfaz de comunicación en serie = serial interface.

* mención de serie = series statement.

* número de serie = serial number.

* portada de la serie = series title page.

* reunir una serie de condiciones = meet + set of conditions.

* serie constante de = steady stream of.

* serie de pensamientos encadenados = chain of thoughts.

* serie de televisión = TV serial, television series.

* serie determinada de caracteres = character string.

* serie documental = documentary series, series.

* serie documental televisiva = television documentary series.

* serie incompleta = deficient series.

* serie monográfica = monographic series.

* serie no periódica = non-time series.

* serie periódica = time series.

* serie televisiva = television serial, television series.

* serie televisiva cómica = sitcom.

* título de la serie = series title.

* toda una serie de = a whole series of.

* una serie de = a choice of, a number of, a range of, a series of, a suite of, an array of, a string of, a pattern of, a stream of, a battery of, a succession of.

* una serie de + Nombre + organizados por turnos = a rota of + Nombre.

* * *

1)

a) ( sucesión) series

b) ( clase) series

c) (Dep) heat

2) (Rad, TV) series; ( historia continua) serial

* * *

= series, string, iteration.

Nota: Repetición de una búsqueda incorporando ciertas modificaciones.

* * *

1 (sucesión) series

visitamos una serie de pueblos en la montaña we visited a series o succession of mountain villages

una serie de acontecimientos a series of incidents

serie numérica ( Mat) numerical sequence

2 (clase) series

un modelo de la serie 320 a 320-series model

coches/motores de serie production cars/engines

ofrece de serie dirección hidráulica it offers power-assisted steering as standard

producción or fabricación en serie mass production

producir/fabricar en serie to mass produce

fuera de serie out of this world ( colloq)

3 ( Dep) heat

B ( Rad, TV) series; (historia continua) serial

una serie sobre la fauna africana a series about African fauna

películas de serie B B-movies

film noir

* * *

1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

a) ( sucesión) series;

◊ una serie de pueblos a series of villages

b) ( clase) series;

◊ coches de serie production cars;

c) (Dep) heat

* * *

serie nf

1. [sucesión, conjunto] series [singular];

ha escrito una serie de artículos sobre el tema he has written a series of articles on the topic;

me dijo una serie de cosas he told me a number of things

2. [de televisión] series [singular];

película de serie B B-movie

3. [de sellos, monedas] set;

4. [producción] run, batch;

este coche es de la primera serie que se fabricó this car is from the first batch that was produced;

fabricación en serie mass production;

con ABS de serie with ABS as standard

5. Elec

* * *

1 de acontecimientos, artículos etc series sg

fabricación en serie mass production;

de serie prestaciones en coche standard;

fuera de serie out of this world, extraordinary

* * *

serie nf

1) : series

2) serial: serial

fabricación en serie : mass production

fuera de serie : extraordinary, amazing

* * *

serie n series [pl. series]

Produkte Pl.; Erzeugnisse Pl.

1) (bring forward) erbringen [Beweis]; vorlegen [Beweismaterial]; beibringen [Zeugen]; geben [Erklärung]; vorzeigen [Pass, Fahrkarte, Papiere]; herausholen [Brieftasche, Portemonnaie, Pistole]

2) produzieren [Show, Film]; inszenieren [Theaterstück, Hörspiel, Fernsehspiel]; herausgeben [Schallplatte, Buch]

3) (manufacture) herstellen; zubereiten [Mahlzeit]; (in nature; Agric.) produzieren

4) (create) schreiben [Roman, Gedichte, Artikel, Aufsatz, Symphonie]; schaffen [Gemälde, Skulptur, Meisterwerk]; aufstellen [Theorie]

5) (cause) hervorrufen; bewirken [Änderung]

6) (bring into being) erzeugen; führen zu [Situation, Lage, Zustände]

7) (yield) erzeugen [Ware, Produkt]; geben [Milch]; tragen [Wolle]; legen [Eier]; liefern [Ernte]; fördern [Metall, Kohle]; abwerfen [Ertrag, Gewinn]; hervorbringen [Dichter, Denker, Künstler]; führen zu [Resultat]

8) (bear) gebären; [Säugetier:] werfen; [Vogel, Reptil:] legen [Eier]; [Fisch, Insekt:] ablegen [Eier]; [Baum, Blume:] tragen [Früchte, Blüten]; entwickeln [Triebe]; bilden [Keime]

* * *

1) (to bring out: She produced a letter from her pocket.) hervorholen

2) (to give birth to: A cow produces one or two calves a year.) erzeugen

3) (to cause: His joke produced a shriek of laughter from the children.) bewirken

4) (to make or manufacture: The factory produces furniture.) produzieren

5) (to give or yield: The country produces enough food for the population.) produzieren

6) (to arrange and prepare (a theatre performance, film, television programme etc): The play was produced by Henry Dobson.) produzieren, inszenieren

- academic.ru/58165/producer">producer

* * *

I. vt

[prəˈdju:s, AM -ˈdu:s]

1. (make)

▪ to \produce sth etw herstellen [o produzieren]

to \produce antibodies/red blood cells Antikörper/rote Blutkörperchen produzieren

to \produce coal/oil Kohle/Erdöl fördern

to \produce electricity Strom erzeugen

to \produce ideas/thoughts Ideen/Gedanken entwickeln

to \produce an illusion eine falsche Vorstellung erwecken

to \produce a meal eine Mahlzeit zubereiten

to \produce noise Lärm verursachen

to \produce a novel/report einen Roman/Bericht schreiben [o verfassen]

to \produce an odour einen Geruch absondern

to \produce a painting/a sculpture ein Gemälde/eine Skulptur schaffen

to \produce a shadow einen Schatten werfen

to \produce a state of hypnosis einen Hypnosezustand herbeiführen

to \produce static/sparks atmosphärische Störungen/Funken verursachen [o hervorrufen]

to \produce wheat Weizen produzieren

2. (bring about)

▪ to \produce sth etw bewirken [o hervorrufen]

to \produce a change eine Änderung bewirken

to \produce an echo ein Echo hervorrufen

to \produce an effect eine Wirkung erzielen

to \produce hysteria/uncertainty Hysterie/Unsicherheit hervorrufen

to \produce profits/revenue Gewinne/Erträge erzielen [o einbringen]

to \produce results zu Ergebnissen führen

to \produce a shift in public opinion die öffentliche Meinung ändern

3. ZOOL (give birth to)

▪ to \produce sb/sth jdn/etw zur Welt bringen

to \produce kittens/puppies/young [Katzen]junge/Welpen/Junge bekommen

to \produce offspring Nachwuchs bekommen, für Nachwuchs sorgen hum

4. FILM, MUS

▪ to \produce sth film, programme etw produzieren; THEAT play, opera etw inszenieren

to \produce top artists Spitzenkünstler/Spitzenkünstlerinnen produzieren

to \produce a CD/record eine CD/Schallplatte produzieren

5. (show)

▪ to \produce sth etw hervorholen

to \produce a gun/a knife/a weapon eine Pistole/ein Messer/eine Waffe ziehen

to \produce identification/one's passport seinen Ausweis/Pass zeigen

to \produce a present ein Geschenk hervorzaubern

to \produce a receipt eine Quittung vorlegen

6. LAW

to \produce an alibi/a witness ein Alibi/einen Zeugen/eine Zeugin beibringen

to \produce evidence/proof den Beweis/Nachweis erbringen

II. vi

[prəˈdju:s, AM -ˈdu:s]

1. (bring results) Ergebnisse erzielen; ECON einen Gewinn erwirtschaften

2. (give output) produzieren; mine fördern

3. (be fertile) humans Nachwuchs bekommen; plant Früchte tragen; land ertragreich sein

4. FILM einen Film produzieren; THEAT ein Stück inszenieren

III. n

[ˈprɒdju:s, AM ˈprɑ:du:s, ˈproʊ-]

1. AGR Erzeugnisse pl, Produkte pl

dairy \produce Milchprodukte pl, Molkereiprodukte pl

French \produce [or \produce of France] französische Erzeugnisse

2. AM (fruit and vegetables) Obst nt und Gemüse nt

IV. n

[ˈprɒdju:s, AM ˈprɑ:du:s, ˈproʊ-]

modifier AM (market, order, purveyor) Obst- und Gemüse-

\produce section Obst- und Gemüseabteilung f

* * *

1. n no pl (AGR)

2. vt

1) (= yield) produzieren; (IND) produzieren, herstellen; electricity, energy, heat erzeugen; crop abwerfen; coal fördern, produzieren; (= create) book, article, essay schreiben; painting, sculpture anfertigen; ideas, novel etc, masterpiece hervorbringen; interest, return on capital bringen, abwerfen; meal machen, herstellen

2) (= bring forward, show) gift, wallet etc hervorholen (from, out of aus); pistol ziehen (from, out of aus); proof, evidence liefern, beibringen; results liefern; effect erzielen; witness beibringen; ticket, documents vorzeigen

3) play inszenieren; film produzieren

4) (= cause) famine, bitterness, impression, interest etc hervorrufen; spark erzeugen

5) (MATH) line verlängern

3. vi

1) (THEAT) das/ein Stück inszenieren; (FILM) den/einen Film produzieren

2) (factory, mine) produzieren; (land) Ertrag bringen; (tree) tragen

* * *

produce [prəˈdjuːs; US auch -ˈduːs]

A v/t

1. a) Künstler etc hervorbringen, Werke etc schaffen

b) hervorrufen, bewirken, eine Wirkung erzielen:

produce a smile ein Lächeln hervorrufen

2. Waren etc produzieren, erzeugen, herstellen, fertigen, ein Buch herausbringen oder verfassen, Erz, Kohle etc gewinnen, fördern

3. a) BOT Früchte etc hervorbringen

b) ZOOL Junge werfen

c) hum ein Kind etc bekommen

4. WIRTSCH einen Gewinn etc (ein)bringen, (-)tragen, abwerfen, erzielen:

capital produces interest Kapital trägt oder bringt Zinsen

5. heraus-, hervorziehen, -holen ( alle:

from aus der Tasche etc)

6. seinen Ausweis etc (vor)zeigen, vorlegen

7. Zeugen, Beweise etc beibringen

8. Gründe vorbringen, anführen

9. einen Film produzieren, herausbringen, ein Theaterstück, Hör- oder Fernsehspiel

a) aufführen

b) einstudieren, inszenieren, THEAT, RADIO Br Regie führen bei:

produce o.s. fig sich produzieren

10. einen Schauspieler etc herausbringen

11. MATH eine Linie verlängern

B v/i

1. produzieren:

the factory has not yet begun to produce die Fabrik hat die Produktion noch nicht aufgenommen

2. a) BOT (Früchte) tragen

b) ZOOL werfen

c) hum Nachwuchs bekommen

3. WIRTSCH Gewinn(e) abwerfen

C s produce [ˈprɒdjuːs; US ˈprɑduːs]

1. (Boden-, Landes) Produkte pl, (Natur) Erzeugnis(se) n(pl):

produce exchange Produktenbörse f;

produce market Waren-, Produktenmarkt m

2. Ertrag m, Gewinn m

3. TECH (Erz)Ausbeute f

4. TECH Leistung f, Ausstoß m

prod abk

1. produce (produced)

2. product

* * *

Produkte Pl.; Erzeugnisse Pl.

1) (bring forward) erbringen [Beweis]; vorlegen [Beweismaterial]; beibringen [Zeugen]; geben [Erklärung]; vorzeigen [Pass, Fahrkarte, Papiere]; herausholen [Brieftasche, Portemonnaie, Pistole]

2) produzieren [Show, Film]; inszenieren [Theaterstück, Hörspiel, Fernsehspiel]; herausgeben [Schallplatte, Buch]

3) (manufacture) herstellen; zubereiten [Mahlzeit]; (in nature; Agric.) produzieren

4) (create) schreiben [Roman, Gedichte, Artikel, Aufsatz, Symphonie]; schaffen [Gemälde, Skulptur, Meisterwerk]; aufstellen [Theorie]

5) (cause) hervorrufen; bewirken [Änderung]

6) (bring into being) erzeugen; führen zu [Situation, Lage, Zustände]

7) (yield) erzeugen [Ware, Produkt]; geben [Milch]; tragen [Wolle]; legen [Eier]; liefern [Ernte]; fördern [Metall, Kohle]; abwerfen [Ertrag, Gewinn]; hervorbringen [Dichter, Denker, Künstler]; führen zu [Resultat]

8) (bear) gebären; [Säugetier:] werfen; [Vogel, Reptil:] legen [Eier]; [Fisch, Insekt:] ablegen [Eier]; [Baum, Blume:] tragen [Früchte, Blüten]; entwickeln [Triebe]; bilden [Keime]

* * *

Gewachs -¨e n. v.

erzeugen v.

herstellen v.

hervorholen v.

produzieren v.

vorweisen v.

vorzeigen v.

SUBJECT AREA: Horology

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[br]

Huygens was born into a cultured and privileged class. His father, Constantijn, was a poet and statesman who had wide interests. Constantijn exerted a strong influence on his son, who was educated at home until he reached the age of 16. Christiaan studied law and mathematics at Ley den University from 1645 to 1647, and continued his studies at the Collegium Arausiacum in Breda until 1649. He then lived at The Hague, where he had the means to devote his time entirely to study. In 1666 he became a Member of the Académie des Sciences in Paris and settled there until his return to The Hague in 1681. He also had a close relationship with the Royal Society and visited London on three occasions, meeting Newton on his last visit in 1689. Huygens had a wide range of interests and made significant contributions in mathematics, astronomy, optics and mechanics. He also made technical advances in optical instruments and horology.

Despite the efforts of Burgi there had been no significant improvement in the performance of ordinary clocks and watches from their inception to Huygens's time, as they were controlled by foliots or balances which had no natural period of oscillation. The pendulum appeared to offer a means of improvement as it had a natural period of oscillation that was almost independent of amplitude. Galileo Galilei had already pioneered the use of a freely suspended pendulum for timing events, but it was by no means obvious how it could be kept swinging and used to control a clock. Towards the end of his life Galileo described such a. mechanism to his son Vincenzio, who constructed a model after his father's death, although it was not completed when he himself died in 1642. This model appears to have been copied in Italy, but it had little influence on horology, partly because of the circumstances in which it was produced and possibly also because it differed radically from clocks of that period. The crucial event occurred on Christmas Day 1656 when Huygens, quite independently, succeeded in adapting an existing spring-driven table clock so that it was not only controlled by a pendulum but also kept it swinging. In the following year he was granted a privilege or patent for this clock, and several were made by the clockmaker Salomon Coster of The Hague. The use of the pendulum produced a dramatic improvement in timekeeping, reducing the daily error from minutes to seconds, but Huygens was aware that the pendulum was not truly isochronous. This error was magnified by the use of the existing verge escapement, which made the pendulum swing through a large arc. He overcame this defect very elegantly by fitting cheeks at the pendulum suspension point, progressively reducing the effective length of the pendulum as the amplitude increased. Initially the cheeks were shaped empirically, but he was later able to show that they should have a cycloidal shape. The cheeks were not adopted universally because they introduced other defects, and the problem was eventually solved more prosaically by way of new escapements which reduced the swing of the pendulum. Huygens's clocks had another innovatory feature: maintaining power, which kept the clock going while it was being wound.

Pendulums could not be used for portable timepieces, which continued to use balances despite their deficiencies. Robert Hooke was probably the first to apply a spring to the balance, but his efforts were not successful. From his work on the pendulum Huygens was well aware of the conditions necessary for isochronism in a vibrating system, and in January 1675, with a flash of inspiration, he realized that this could be achieved by controlling the oscillations of the balance with a spiral spring, an arrangement that is still used in mechanical watches. The first model was made for Huygens in Paris by the clockmaker Isaac Thuret, who attempted to appropriate the invention and patent it himself. Huygens had for many years been trying unsuccessfully to adapt the pendulum clock for use at sea (in order to determine longitude), and he hoped that a balance-spring timekeeper might be better suited for this purpose. However, he was disillusioned as its timekeeping proved to be much more susceptible to changes in temperature than that of the pendulum clock.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

[br]

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Arkwright was the youngest of thirteen children and was apprenticed to a barber; when he was about 18, he followed this trade in Bol ton. In 1755 he married Patients Holt, who bore him a son before she died, and he remarried in 1761, to Margaret Biggins. He prospered until he took a public house as well as his barber shop and began to lose money. After this failure, he travelled around buying women's hair for wigs.

In the late 1760s he began spinning experiments at Preston. It is not clear how much Arkwright copied earlier inventions or was helped by Thomas Highs and John Kay but in 1768 he left Preston for Nottingham, where, with John Smalley and David Thornley as partners, he took out his first patent. They set up a mill worked by a horse where machine-spun yarn was produced successfully. The essential part of this process lay in drawing out the cotton by rollers before it was twisted by a flyer and wound onto the bobbin. The partners' resources were not sufficient for developing their patent so Arkwright found new partners in Samuel Need and Jedediah Strutt, hosiers of Nottingham and Derby. Much experiment was necessary before they produced satisfactory yarn, and in 1771 a water-driven mill was built at Cromford, where the spinning process was perfected (hence the name "waterframe" was given to his spinning machine); some of this first yarn was used in the hosiery trade. Sales of all-cotton cloth were initially limited because of the high tax on calicoes, but the tax was lowered in 1774 by Act of Parliament, marking the beginning of the phenomenal growth of the cotton industry. In the evidence for this Act, Arkwright claimed that he had spent £12,000 on his machine. Once Arkwright had solved the problem of mechanical spinning, a bottleneck in the preliminary stages would have formed but for another patent taken out in 1775. This covered all preparatory processing, including some ideas not invented by Arkwright, with the result that it was disputed in 1783 and finally annulled in 1785. It contained the "crank and comb" for removing the cotton web off carding engines which was developed at Cromford and solved the difficulty in carding. By this patent, Arkwright had mechanized all the preparatory and spinning processes, and he began to establish water-powered cotton mills even as far away as Scotland. His success encouraged many others to copy him, so he had great difficulty in enforcing his patent Need died in 1781 and the partnership with Strutt ended soon after. Arkwright became very rich and financed other spinning ventures beyond his immediate control, such as that with Samuel Oldknow. It was estimated that 30,000 people were employed in 1785 in establishments using Arkwright's patents. In 1786 he received a knighthood for delivering an address of thanks when an attempt to assassinate George III failed, and the following year he became High Sheriff of Derbyshire. He purchased the manor of Cromford, where he died in 1792.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering, Domestic appliances and interiors, Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Ports and shipping

[br]

[br]

[br]

As an engineer Booth contributed to the design of engines for Royal Navy battleships, designed and supervised the erection of a number of great wheels (in Blackpool, Vienna and Paris) and later designed factories and bridges.

In 1900 he attended a demonstration, at St Paneras Station in London, of a new form of railway carriage cleaner that was supposed to blow the dirt into a container. It was not a very successful experiment and Booth, having considered the problem carefully, decided that sucking might be better than blowing. He tried out his idea by placing a piece of damp cloth over an upholstered armchair. When he sucked air by mouth through his cloth the dirt upon it was tangible proof of his theory.

Various attempts were being made at this time, especially in America, to find a successful cleaner of carpets and upholstery. Booth produced the first truly satisfactory machine, which he patented in 1901, and coined the term "vacuum cleaner". He formed the Vacuum Cleaner Co. (later to become Goblin BVC Ltd) and began to manufacture his machines. For some years the company provided a cleaning service to town houses, using a large and costly vacuum cleaner (the first model cost £350). Painted scarlet, it measured 54×10×42 in. (137×25×110 cm) and was powered by a petrol-driven 5 hp piston engine. It was transported through the streets on a horse-driven van and was handled by a team of operators who parked outside the house to be cleaned. With the aid of several hundred feet of flexible hose extending from the cleaner through the windows into all the rooms, the machine sucked the dirt of decades from the carpets; at the first cleaning the weight of many such carpets was reduced by 50 per cent as the dirt was sucked away.

Many attempts were made in Europe and America to produce a smaller and less expensive machine. Booth himself designed the chief British model in 1906, the Trolley- Vac, which was wheeled around the house on a trolley. Still elaborate, expensive and heavy, this machine could, however, be operated inside a room and was powered from an electric light fitting. It consisted of a sophisticated electric motor and a belt-driven rotary vacuum pump. Various hoses and fitments made possible the cleaning of many different surfaces and the dust was trapped in a cloth filter within a small metal canister. It was a superb vacuum cleaner but cost 35 guineas and weighed a hundredweight (50 kg), so it was difficult to take upstairs.

Various alternative machines that were cheaper and lighter were devised, but none was truly efficient until a prototype that married a small electric motor to the machine was produced in 1907 in America.

[br]

1 to use.

El cartero utiliza un saco The mailman uses a sack.

El traidor utilizó a su novia The traitor used his girlfriend.

2 to spend.

* * *

Conjugation model [ REALIZAR], like realizar

► verbo transitivo

1 to use, make use of

* * *

* * *

1) (=usar) to use, make use of, utilize frm

2) (=explotar) [+ recursos] to harness; [+ desperdicios] to reclaim

* * *

verbo transitivo to use, utilize (frml)

* * *

= adopt, deploy, employ, enlist, exploit, handle, harness, help + Reflexivo, rely on/upon, take in + use, tap, use, utilise [utilize, -USA], find + Posesivo + way (a)round/through + Complemento, draw on/upon, bring to + bear, build on/upon, make + use of, leverage, mobilise [mobilize, -USA], play + Nombre + along.

Ex. The concept of corporate authorship was first formulated in the BM code and has been adopted in all subsequent English language codes.

Ex. The article presents the results of trials in which the model was deployed to classify aspects of the construction industry, such as construction norms and regulations.

Ex. The size of the collections in which the LCC is currently employed is likely to be a significant factor in its perpetuation.

Ex. Capital letters, and various punctuation symbols eg:,(),' may be enlisted as facet indicators.

Ex. The Library of Congress List of Subject Headings (LCSH) can be exploited as a general index, since it shows LCC numbers for many of the headings listed.

Ex. An author's name is usually shorter than a title, and thus is arguably easier to handle and remember.

Ex. When computers were first harnessed for information retrieval and cataloguing applications, the information retrieval systems, and some of the cataloguing systems developed in different environments.

Ex. There was a need for more basic information materials, i.e. laymen's guides, so that people could help themselves.

Ex. When BNB began publication in 1950 it relied upon the fourteenth edition of DC.

Ex. The last 3 years while grants were available saw a rise in loans, readers and outreach services, a controversial stock revision and scrapping were carried out and a PC was taken in use.

Ex. It must be pointed out, however, that the potential for online catalogs to increase library staff productivity has hardly been tapped.

Ex. A study of bibliographic classification could concentrate solely upon the major, and some of the more minor bibliographic classification schemes used today.

Ex. Clearly both tools record controlled indexing languages, but they are utilised in different environments.

Ex. Those familiar with conventional lists of subject headings will have no difficulty in finding their way around a typical thesaurus.

Ex. Bay's essay was produced to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Gesner's birth and draws upon a mass of contemporary source material.

Ex. For such a task the librarian is particularly well fitted by his professional education: bringing to bear the great analytical power of classification should be second nature to him.

Ex. The system should build on existing resources, rather than develop expensive new programmes.

Ex. The example search in figure 8.3 shows how the statements in an online search make use of Boolean logic operators.

Ex. Information seeking in electronic environments will become a collaboration among end user and various electronic systems such that users leverage their heuristic power and machines leverage algorithmic power.

Ex. It is time for all librarians to change their attitudes and become involved, to seek funds and mobilise civic organisations and businesses in cooperative efforts.

Ex. Dennis played her along until she decided to back out at which time he threatened to imprison her unless she paid up $2 million.

----

* confeccionar utilizando un modelo = model.

* empezar a utilizarse = come into + use.

* introducción de datos utilizando un teclado = keypunching.

* persona que utiliza la biblioteca = non-library user.

* poder utilizarse = be usable.

* que utiliza el tiempo como variable = time-dependent.

* que utiliza muchos recursos = resource-intensive.

* utilizar al máximo = stretch + Nombre + to the limit.

* utilizar al máximo por medio del ordenador = explode.

* utilizar el dinero sabiamente = spend + wisely.

* utilizar el ordenador = operate + computer.

* utilizar en contra = set against.

* utilizar la red = go + online.

* utilizar las ideas de (Alguien) = draw on/upon + Posesivo + ideas.

* utilizar los conocimientos de Uno = put + Posesivo + knowledge to work.

* utilizar los recursos del personal propio = insource.

* utilizar para un fin = put to + purpose.

* utilizar poco = underutilise/under-utilise [underutilize/under-utilize, -USA].

* utilizar por primera vez = pioneer.

* utilizar recursos = mobilise + resources, tap + resources, tap into + resources.

* utilizarse con demasiada frecuencia = be overworked.

* utilizarse en = be at home in.

* utilizar una metodología = employ + methodology.

* utilizar un terminal = sit at + terminal.

* volver a utilizar = recapture, reutilise [reutilize, -USA].

* * *

verbo transitivo to use, utilize (frml)

* * *

* * *

utilizar [A4 ]

to use, utilize ( frml)

la principal fuente de energía que utilizan es la solar they rely on o use o utilize solar power as their main source of energy, the main source of energy they employ o use o utilize is solar power

utilizan los recursos naturales indiscriminadamente they make indiscriminate use of natural resources

utilizan la religión como instrumento para sus fines they use religion as a means to (achieve) their ends

no se da cuenta de que la están utilizando she doesn't realize that she's being used

* * *

* * *

utilizar vt

1. [expresión, método, producto] to use

2. [compañero, amigo] to use;

te está utilizando he's using you

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v/t use

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utilizar {21} vt

: to use, to utilize

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utilizar vb to use

(ca. 1465-ca. 1537)

   Sixteenth-century Portuguese playwright, perhaps Portugal's greatest, who was also a talented goldsmith, musician, actor, and dramatist. Born in humble circumstances, Gil Vicente rose to become an important figure, recognized and celebrated in the royal court of his day. His first play or auto was performed in 1502, and his last piece was produced in 1536. Vicente's work was influenced not only by the religious plays of late medieval Portugal, but by work from contemporary humanism and the Renaissance.

   There were at least four basic aspects of Vicentine plays: dramatization of rural folklore, social satire, imaginative analysis of nature, and religious themes. What was remarkable about Vicente, in addition to his great versatility (he was the goldsmith who produced the gold monstrance in the Monastery of Jerônimos) and brilliance, was that he was popular with both the people and the elite, and was a masterful dramatist in a country lacking extraordinary dramatic traditions. Some of his plays were censored by the Inquisition after his death, and it was only during the 19th-century romantic era that Portuguese writers sought a revival of his reputation.

    See also Jerónimos, Monastery of, Theater.

SUBJECT AREA: Horology

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Graham's father died soon after his birth, so he was raised by his brother. In 1688 he was apprenticed to the London clockmaker Henry Aske, and in 1695 he gained his freedom. He was employed as a journeyman by Tompion in 1696 and later married his niece. In 1711 he formed a partnership with Tompion and effectively ran the business in Tompion's declining years; he took over the business after Tompion died in 1713. In addition to his horological interests he also made scientific instruments, specializing in those for astronomical use. As a person, he was well respected and appears to have lived up to the epithet "Honest George Graham". He befriended John Harrison when he first went to London and lent him money to further his researches at a time when they might have conflicted with his own interests.

The two common forms of escapement in use in Graham's time, the anchor escapement for clocks and the verge escapement for watches, shared the same weakness: they interfered severely with the free oscillation of the pendulum and the balance, and thus adversely affected the timekeeping. Tompion's two frictional rest escapements, the dead-beat for clocks and the horizontal for watches, had provided a partial solution by eliminating recoil (the momentary reversal of the motion of the timepiece), but they had not been successful in practice. Around 1720 Graham produced his own much improved version of the dead-beat escapement which became a standard feature of regulator clocks, at least in Britain, until its supremacy was challenged at the end of the nineteenth century by the superior accuracy of the Riefler clock. Another feature of the regulator clock owed to Graham was the mercury compensation pendulum, which he invented in 1722 and published four years later. The bob of this pendulum contained mercury, the surface of which rose or fell with changes in temperature, compensating for the concomitant variation in the length of the pendulum rod. Graham devised his mercury pendulum after he had failed to achieve compensation by means of the difference in expansion between various metals. He then turned his attention to improving Tompion's horizontal escapement, and by 1725 the cylinder escapement existed in what was virtually its final form. From the following year he fitted this escapement to all his watches, and it was also used extensively by London makers for their precision watches. It proved to be somewhat lacking in durability, but this problem was overcome later in the century by using a ruby cylinder, notably by Abraham Louis Breguet. It was revived, in a cheaper form, by the Swiss and the French in the nineteenth century and was produced in vast quantities.

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See also: Barlow, Edward; Guillaume, Charles-Edouard